"Appendices III-VI of the Gravitics Situation"
(Return to Index Page)
Main Document |
Appendix I |
Appendix II
APPENDIX III (of the Gravitics Situation)
GRAVITY EFFECTS
The order of magnitude of the heat given off by an alloy as a result of the
separation by gravity tension can be reliably estimated. Suppose we assume
that an alloy of half tin and half lead completely fills a tube 5 meters
long and 100 cm2 cross section which is maintained accurately at a
temperature 277° C. At this temperature the alloy is liquid suppose next
that the tube is raised from a horizontal plane into a vertical position,
i.e. to a position where its length is parallel to the direction of
gravity. If, then, the alloy is free from convection as it would be if it
is maintained at uniform temperature and if it is held in this position for
several months, the percentage of tin at the bottom of the tube will
decrease while the relative amount at the top will increase. A simple
calculation shows that the concentration of tin at the top is about one
tenth of one percent greater than at the bottom and that approximately one
calorie of heat is given off in the separation progress. If after several
months the tube is again placed so that its length is in a horizontal plane
the tin and lead will remix due to the thermal agitation of the atoms and
heat is absorbed by the alloy.
Another interesting effect occurs when an electrolyte is subjected to
gravity tension. Suppose a five meter glass tube is filled with a water
solution of say barium chloride and the electrical potential between its
ends is measured first when the length of the tube is parallel to the
horizontal and second when its length is vertical. The difference in
potential between the two ends is practically zero when the tube is
horizontal and approximately eighty five microvolts when it is vertical.
GS page - 37 -
This effect was discovered by Des Coudres in 1892. If a resistor is
attached across the ends when the tube is vertical, heat of course is
produced. If the tube is maintained at constant temperature the voltage
decreases with time and eventually vanishes. The effect is believed to
result from the fact that the positively charged barium ions settle faster
than the lighter negatively charged chlorine ions as a result of gravity
tension.
In conclusion, we have seen that gravity tension effects an alloy in such a
way that it gives off heat. This phenomenon results from the alignment of
the atoms and from their separation by the gravitational field, the
contribution of the latter being larger than that of the former. Also, the
gravity tension sets up a potential across the ends of a tube filled with
an electrolyte and this potential when applied across an external circuit
may produce heat or drive an electric motor to furnish power. Several other
small thermal effects possibly may arise from gravity tension in addition
to those discussed above but space is not available to consider them in
this essay. Also, studies of the effect of gravitational fields and their
equivalent centrifugal fields upon matter will no doubt be of great value
in the future.
J.W. Beams
GS page - 38 -
APPENDIX IV (of the Gravitics Situation)
LINK BETWEEN GRAVITATION AND NUCLEAR ENERGY
by Dr Stanley Deser
and
Dr Richard Arnowitt
Quantitatively we propose the following field equations:
with a similar equation for Ø. In the above, Ÿ represents the hyperon wave
functions and Ø the K-particle quantized field operators. The first three
terms in the first equation are the usual structures in the Einstein
General Relativity. The last term, C
uv is the "creation" tensor
which is to give us our conversion from gravitational to nuclear energy.
It is like T
uv in being an energy momentum term. In the second
equation ‡ju represents the covariant derivative while ‡u is a generalized
Dirac matrix arranged so that the second equation is indeed covariant under
the general group of coordinate transformations. The
P
uvK
uv term will automatically include the
higher hyperon levels. Cuv is a functional of the hyperon and K-field
variables Ÿ and Ø. As can be seen these equations are coupled in two ways
first the creation term Cuv depends upon the field variables Ÿ and Ø while
the gravitational metric tensor guv enters through the covariant derivative
etc. L is a new universal constant giving the scale of the level spacings
of the hyperons. Rigorously speaking the field equations should be, of
course, second quantized. For purposes of obtaining a workable first
approximation it is probably adequate to take expectation values and solve
the semi classical equations. The creation tensor Cuv must be a bilinear
integral of the Ø and Ÿ fields and may have cross terms as well of the form
†ØŸŸ(dx). These equations
GS page - 39 -
will indeed be difficult to solve; but upon solution will give the
distribution of created energy and, hence, lead eventually to the more
practical issues desired.
GS page - 40 -
APPENDIX V (of the Gravitics Situation)
GRAVITY/HEAT INTERACTION
Let us suppose that we have to investigate the question whether gravitative
action alone upon some given substance or alloy can produce heat. We do not
specify its texture, density nor atomic structure; we assume simply the
flux of gravitative action followed by an increase of heat in the alloy.
If we assume a small circular surface on the alloy, then the gravitative
flux on it may be expressed by Gauss' theorem and it is 4
¼M,
where M represents mass of all sub-surface particles; the question is, can
this expression be transformed into heat. We will assume it can be. Now
recalling the relativity law connecting mass and energy:
where:
we set 4
¼M = m
0 +T/c
2 =
m
0 + (m
0v
2)/2c
2
But v2/c2 is a proper fraction: hence M = m
0 +
m
0/2k
In the boundary case v=c, M=m
0(1+1/k) for all other cases
4
¼M=m
0((k+1)/k)k k‚0. Strictly M should be preceded
by a conversion factor 1/k but if inserted, it does not alter results.
Thus if gravity could produce heat, the effect is limited to a narrow
range, as this result shows.
It merits stress that in a gravitational field the flow lines lines of
descent -- are Geodesics.
J.W. Wickenden
GS page - 41 -
APPENDIX VI (of the Gravitics Situation)
WEIGHT-MASS ANOMALY
There is a great need for a precise experimental determination of the
weight to mass ratio of protons or electrons. Since the ratio for a proton
plus an electron is known already, the determination of the ratio for
either particle is sufficient. The difficulty of a direct determination of
the gravitational deflection of a charged particle in an experiment similar
to the neutron or neutral atom experiment is due to electrical forces being
much greater than gravitational forces. For example, one electron five
meters away from a second electron exerts as much force on that second
electron as the gravitational field does. Thus stray electrons or ions
which are always present on the walls of an apparatus can exert sufficient
force to completely mask the gravitational force. Even if the surface
charges are neglected, image charges of the electron beam itself and self
repulsion in the beam may obscure the gravitational deflection. An
additional problem is the Earth's magnetic field. Electrons of even a few
volts energy will feel a force due to the Earth's field a thousand billion
times larger than the gravitational deflection. This last problem is
avoided in a static measurement of the ratio such as a weighing of ionised
matter. However, this last method has the additional difficulty of
requiring a high proportion of ionized to unionized matter in the sample
being weighed. Of course all these problems can be resolved to some extent;
but it is questionable if an experiment of either of the above types can be
designed in which all the adverse effects can simultaneously be
sufficiently minimized. Probably a completely new type of experiment will
have to be devised to measure the weight to mass ratio of the proton or
electron.
GS page - 42 -
Such a measurement may detect a deviation from the law of constant weight
to mass ratio. If such an anomaly can be shown to exist there is the
possibility of finding a material which would be acted upon in an unusual
manner in a gravitational field.
Martin L. Perl.
1. Ultimately, they go back to Einstein's general theory of relativity
(1916), in which the law of gravitation was first mathematically formulated
as a field theory (in contrast to Newton's "action-at-a-distance"
concept).
GS page - 43 -
